Integration of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) in the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking process
Introduction
Electric Arc Furnaces (EAFs) play an increasing role in modern steel production, offering a mean to melt scrap steel using electrical energy. However, the high and variable energy demand, may pose challenges for integrating energy supply solutions.
Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), as emerging nuclear technologies, provide a promising low-carbon energy source that could support industrial processes such as EAF steelmaking. Due to the reduced power and claimed increased flexibility compared to large-scale nuclear power plants, they may be well posed to supply the electricity needed for EAFs.
This thesis aims to quantify the energy requirements and operational profile of EAFs, identify optimal SMR configurations to meet these energy needs, and evaluate potential reliability challenges arising from the interaction between the EAF process and SMR operation.
Work plan
The first part of the thesis will focus on the characterization of EAFs energy demand and operational profile. Energy consumption patterns of EAFs, including peak loads, variability, and process-specific operational characteristics (e.g., heating cycles, ramp-up times) will be studied.
In the second part of the thesis different SMR designs will be investigated to identify configurations capable of meeting the EAF’s energy demand profile efficiently. The interaction between SMR output and EAF energy consumption, considering load-following capabilities, ramp rates, and thermal-electric conversion efficiency will be investigated.
Finally, potential reliability issues arising from the EAF operations and their impact on SMR operation will be analyzed. Strategies to mitigate operational conflicts, such as energy storage, grid support, or hybrid energy systems will be evaluated.
Research questions:
- What is the energy need and operational characteristics of an electric arc furnace?
- What is an optimal SMR configuration to supply the energy needed for the process?
- Are there reliability challenges in the EAF process that affect the SMR operation?