Safety, security, and safeguards implications of deploying an SMR in an industrial site

Introduction

The integration of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) into industrial sites represents a significant shift in the energy landscape, offering the potential for more sustainable and scalable nuclear power solutions. As industries look for ways to decarbonize while meeting growing energy demands, SMRs have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional large-scale nuclear reactors, due to their compact design, modularity and potential for enhanced safety.

However, the deployment of SMRs meets a range of technical and operational challenges, particularly when evaluated through safety, security and safeguards — collectively referred to as the 3S framework. While much attention has been given to the technological and economic viability of SMRs, there is a need for deeper exploration into the influence of SMRs on existing operations of industrial sites. Understanding the influence of SMR deployment on the 3S dimensions is crucial for ensuring that these reactors can be integrated effectively and responsibly.

This research seeks to explore how SMRs impact industrial environments, with a focus on the roles of industrial partners and the various types of SMRs under development. By applying the 3S framework, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the broader implications of SMR deployment, supporting industries in their efforts to align energy strategies with environmental responsibility and regulatory compliance.

Objective

The primary objective of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) on industrial sites through the lens of safety, security, and safeguards (the 3S framework).

The research work will be structured as follows:

The first part of the thesis will focus on the literature review on 3S and on the potential role of industrial partners (e.g. energy-as-a-service, nuclear operator,…)

Then, three scenarios will be developed to explore how different ownership and operational models influence the 3S frameworks. For each scenario the influence of the SMR presence on the 3S framework will be evaluated.

• Scenario 1: energy-as-a-service. SMR is placed on the industrial site, but is owned and operated by a third party.
• Scenario 2: leasing contract. SMR is placed on the industrial site, owned by the industrial user but operated by a third party.
• Scenario 3: nuclear operator. SMR is both owned and operated by industrial user on their premises.

Each scenario will be analyzed to assess how presence of an SMR affects the safety protocols, security infrastructure and safeguards measures of the industrial site.

Research questions:

• How does the presence of an SMR influence the industrial site from the 3S perspective?
• How does the role of the industrial partner influences the 3S requirements?
• Does the SMR type impact the 3S requirements?